which of the following describes situational communication competence

Communications Chapter 1 Quiz. Roll your eyes when you do not agree. There are four language domains: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. According to the communication process, who provides information? When we cant shift our bodies, we often use coats, bags, books, or our hands to physically separate or block off the front of our bodies from others. Which of the following is the goal of Alexia's communication with Mrs. Philips? The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Literature and Composition: Reading, Writing,Thinking, Carol Jago, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses. Even if you are intelligent, prepared, and motivated, CA and public speaking anxiety can detract from your communication and lead others to perceive you in ways you did not intend. To better understand this definition, lets break apart its components. Note that proficiency in a language may vary across the four basic language skills. Finally, being proficient in a language requires skill in using appropriately the four language domainslistening, speaking, reading, and writingfor a variety of purposes, in a variety of situations, with a variety of audiences. However, different family members might have used different languages for multiple purposes. At the individual level, a persons physiological and psychological characteristics affect competence. Write one problem on the index card and place in envelope. Of course, skilled and experienced deceivers develop new scripts that can also become familiar and comfortable and allow them to engage in deception without arousing as much anxiety or triggering the physical reactions to it (Andersen, 1999). Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, Inc. (2006). Avoid combining touch with negative criticism; a hand on the shoulder during a critical statement can increase a persons defensiveness and seem condescending or aggressive. Adapted from Bilingual books: Promoting literacy and biliteracy in the second-language and mainstream classroom by G. Ernst-Slavit and M. Mulhern. Instead, he or she would likely start with one and then layer more cues on as the feelings intensified. Communication in the Real World by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Were all imperfect and fallible, and if we expect to be perfect communicators after studying this, then were setting ourselves up for failure. Scenario 3. This predisposition can lead us to focus on nonverbal cues while overlooking verbal signals of deception. Genesee, F. (2012). All these factors will either help or hinder you when you try to apply the knowledge you have learned to actual communication behaviors. Asking these questions helps employers better understand your thought process and assess your problem-solving, self-management and communication skills. Competence involves knowledge, motivation, and skills. Examples are provided in Figure 2.6. Therefore, a certain amount of tentativeness and mindful monitoring of a persons nonverbal and verbal communication can help us detect deception. . In general, a persons vocal signature is a result of the physiology of his or her neck, head, and mouth. Try to compare observed nonverbal cues to a persons typical or baseline nonverbal behavior to help avoid misinterpretation. Being able to control nonverbal expressions and competently encode them allows us to better manage our persona and project a desired self to othersfor example, a self that is perceived as competent, socially attractive, and engaging. (London: Routledge, 2011), 81. Health care workers should cross their arms when speaking with patients. In many introductory communication classes that I teach, a student usually says something like You must be really good at this stuff since you study it and have been teaching it for a while. At the same time students assume that I have a high level of communication competence, they are hard on themselves for being at the stage of conscious incompetence, where they catch themselves communicating poorly in regards to a concept we recently studied. In terms of psychology, a persons mood, stress level, personality, and level of communication apprehension (level of anxiety regarding communication) affect competence (Cooley & Roach, 1984). Developing literacy in second-language learners: Report of the National Literacy Panel on language-minority children and youth. 6 strategies for improving communication competence Here's a list of six strategies you can use for improving communication competence: 1. Paul Shanks Communication CC BY-NC 2.0. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Becoming a higher self-monitor can help you notice your use of verbal fillers and begin to eliminate them. We typically decode people putting their hands in their pocket as a gesture that indicates shyness or discomfort. . You would likely be able to offer some descriptors of how a person would look and act from the following categories: a goth person, a prep, a jock, a fashionista, a hipster. 3-24. In general, people who are more expressive are better deceivers and people who are typically anxious are not good liars. Speaking. The following example by Ernst-Slavit (2018) showcases how demarcations of languages are difficult to make when several languages are used fluidly in one household: These signals appear and increase because we are conflicted about the act of deception, since we are conditioned to believe that being honest is better than lying, we are afraid of getting caught and punished, and we are motivated to succeed with the act of deceptionin essence, to get away with it. Contextual roles for getting and keeping the floor, turn taking, and the way in which children converse with adults are only a few examples. Competence obviously involves verbal and nonverbal elements, but it also applies to many situations and contexts. Other educators are wary of the work on translanguaging. The situational approach c. Is used widely in leadership training and development 5. In some instances it is impossible to know what sorts of individual nonverbal behaviors or idiosyncrasies people have because there isnt a relational history. use selected simple structures correctly but still systematically make basic errors. Do a communication self-assessment. A traditional front-facing business or educational setup is designed for one person to communicate with a larger audience. The second guideline for decoding nonverbal signals is to recognize that certain nonverbal signals are related. In professional and social settings, it is generally OK to touch others on the arm or shoulder. To understand how chronemics relates to nonverbal communication norms, answer the following questions: In what situations is it important to be early? Cooley, R. E., and Deborah A. Roach, A Conceptual Framework, in Competence in Communication: A Multidisciplinary Approach, ed. Research in this area indicates that full proficiency in the native language facilitates the development of the second language (L2) (August & Shanahan, 2017). Kern (2000) developed a broad conceptual framework for understanding language proficiency that includes three dimensions of academic literacy: linguistic, cognitive, and sociocultural. What anxieties do you have regarding communication and/or public speaking? Garca, O., & Wei, L. (2014). Knowing the dimensions of competence is an important first step toward developing competence. 4.3 (3 reviews) Term. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like It is accurate to say that Situational Leadership II (SLII) is primarily a. Descriptive b. Prescriptive c. Well supported by research d. Trait related, Which of the following statements best describes Situational Leadership? Communication apprehension (CA) is fear or anxiety experienced by a person due to actual or imagined communication with another person or persons. Adjusting leadership styles is based on the assumption that a. Followers' skills and motivation vary over time 7. Bilingual books: Promoting literacy and biliteracy in the second-language and mainstream classroom. McCroskey, J. C., Communication Comptence: The Elusive Construct, in Competence in Communication: A Multidisciplinary Approach, ed. These diverse needs made lesson planning challenging, but his ELL kids were counting on him to find a way to communicate with them. As students learn a second language, they progress at different rates along a continuum of predictable stages. Rudi Heinz has learned that his sixth-grade ELL student, Faridah, scored at a Level 2 on the states English language proficiency (ELP) exam. Describe interprofessional communication techniques. Health Sciences Campus. Both are commonly experienced by most people and can be managed using various strategies. Therefore a nasal voice or a deep voice may not have any relevant meaning within an interaction. This regulating function can be useful in initial encounters when we are trying to learn more about another person and in situations where status differentials are present or compliance gaining or dominance are goals. Robert N. Bostrom (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1984), 259. Pike, K.L. As you get better at monitoring and controlling your nonverbal behaviors and understanding how nonverbal cues affect our interaction, you may show more competence in multiple types of communication. Of course, as nonverbal cues are layered on, they may contradict other signals, in which case we can turn to context clues to aid our interpretation. Kern, R. (2000). Translanguaging. Where you choose to sit can also impact perceived characteristics and leadership decisions. There are numerous components of ICC. One way to progress toward communication competence is to become a more mindful communicator. Leaders must adapt to the situation . Discuss communication apprehension and public speaking anxiety and employ strategies to manage them. Linguistic concepts: An introduction to tagnemics. Native culture is the term often used to refer to the culture acquired first in life by a person or the culture that this individual identifies with as a group member. . Im just like you. Mirroring evolved as an important social function in that it allowed early humans to more easily fit in with larger groups. E) nonverbal forms of communication. Literature that relates thematically to a new unit or lesson can acquaint a beginning English language learner with the topic at hand. As weve already learned, we receive little, if any, official instruction in nonverbal communication, but you can think of this chapter as a training manual to help improve your own nonverbal communication competence. While these actions could indicate such interest, they could also be idiosyncratic. How is instruction planned to address their different content and language needs? Reflect on how knowledge of their English language proficiency might help teachers better address their unique needs and tap their strengths. Self-touches like wringing hands and object-adaptors like playing with a pencil or messing with clothing have been shown to correlate to deception. You cant literally die of embarrassment. Audiences are forgiving and understanding. Some highly experienced deceivers, however, can control the presence of adaptors (Andersen, 1999). An impression or judgment that a person is intercultural competent is made with respect to both a specific relational context and a particular situational context. Congruent nonverbal communication is more credible and effective than ambiguous or conflicting nonverbal cues. As you build a repertoire of communication knowledge based on your experiential and classroom knowledge, you will also be developing behavioral competence. communicate limited information in everyday and routine situations by using memorized phrases, groups of words, and formulas. The situational theory of leadership suggests that no single leadership style is best. Chapter 2: Language Proficiency and Communicative Competence, http://www.k12.wa.us/MigrantBilingual/ELD.aspx, https://wida.wisc.edu/sites/default/files/resource/2012-ELD-Standards.pdf, http://www.cde.ca.gov/be/st/ss/documents/englangdevstnd.pdf, https://www.isbe.net/Pages/English-Language-Learning-Standards.aspx, http://ipsi.utexas.edu/EST/files/standards/ELPS/ELPS.pdf, http://www.colorincolorado.org/article/home-language-english-language-learners-most-valuable-resource, http://www.ncela.gwu.edu/stats/3_bystate.htm, https://sites.tesol.org/Bookstore/ItemDetail?iProductCode=318&Category=STANDARDS, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, -/s/ plural Ken has many books., -/s/ possessive That is Tamaras coat.. The cognitive elements of competence include knowing how to do something and understanding why things are done the way they are (Hargie, 2011). In short, you cant read peoples nonverbal communication like a book, and there are no A-to-Z guides that capture the complexity of nonverbal communication (DePaulo, 1992). Chapter 2: Language Proficiency and Communicative Competence by Gisela Ernst-Slavit and Joy Egbert is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. encounter more difficulty with grade-level literacy than with oral language. The English language proficiency (ELP) standards developed by TESOL provide a model of the process of language acquisition that can be adapted by districts and states within the context of their own language leveling system (see Figure 2.4 for these standards). 63-77). He is a lot older than me. However, research shows that education and training in nonverbal communication can lead to quick gains in knowledge and skill (Riggio, 1992). Thinking of our English learners as having to start from scratch is the equivalent of denying the many experiences that children have accumulated before coming to the United States and the vast amount of family and cultural knowledge and traditions that have been passed on to students from the moment they were born. Minimize distractions by moving a clock, closing a door, or closing window blinds to help minimize distractions that may lure your eye contact away. Since we communicate in many different contexts, such as interpersonal, group, intercultural, and mediated, we will discuss more specific definitions of competence in later sections of the book. The abbreviation L1 refers to someones native language. Comparing and contrasting words in L1 with English words can contribute to increases in word recognition, vocabulary development, phonic analysis, and structural analysis. (2011). People who are skilled at encoding nonverbal messages are more favorably evaluated after initial encounters. Communication competence is needed in order to understand communication ethics, to develop cultural awareness, to use computer-mediated communication, and to think critically. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. People with nonverbal encoding competence are typically more in control of conversations. Cultural competency. You are calling mechanic. The following guidelines may help you more effectively encode nonverbal messages sent using your hands, arms, body, and face. The cognitive elements of competence include knowing how to do something and understanding why things are done the way they are (Hargie, 2011). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing. Public speaking anxiety is common, so dont ignore itconfront it. When breaches of personal space occur, it is a social norm to make nonverbal adjustments such as lowering our level of immediacy, changing our body orientations, and using objects to separate ourselves from others. The use of body language and objects to convey meaning to messages c. A process of offering advice and suggestions and relating similar experiences d. Just because you reach the stage of unconscious competence in one area or with one person does not mean you will always stay there. Situation Monitoring: Good Teamwork in the Medical Office. If you start these things now you will be primed to take on more communication challenges that will be presented throughout this book. Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard developed the Situational Leadership model in 1969 while working on Management of Organizational Behavior . Richard Nordquist Updated on May 26, 2019 The term communicative competence refers to both the tacit knowledge of a language and the ability to use it effectively. Figure 2.3 Acquisition of English features One is given a picture. Becoming a more mindful communicator has many benefits, including achieving communication goals, detecting deception, avoiding stereotypes, and reducing conflict. Which words and phrases fit with this setting and topic? Learning to read in a second language may be hindered or enhanced by students levels of literacy in their native languages. A Taiwanese woman who speaks English as her second language may be praised for her competence in the English language in her home country but be viewed as less competent in the United States because of her accent. Why is verbal communication often the most effective way to communication? can produce clear, smoothly flowing, well-structured texts of differing lengths and degrees of linguistic complexity. Conversely, crossing your arms in front of your chest is decoded almost everywhere as a negative gesture that conveys defensiveness. 1 (2010): 72. For a study on translanguaging in a third grade classroom, read Translanguaging and Protected Spaces in a Dual Language Classroom: Tensions Across Restrictionist Policies and Unrestricted Practice by Kristen Pratt & Gisela Ernst-Slavit (in press). Defining Competence. Language proficiency is multidimensional and entails linguistic, cognitive, and sociocultural factors. Kevin Trotman You Lie! For example, asking an employee to paraphrase their understanding of the instructions you just gave them shows that you are aware that verbal messages are not always clear, that people do not always listen actively, and that people often do not speak up when they are unsure of instructions for fear of appearing incompetent or embarrassing themselves. To make things more complicated, we usually tailor our manipulation strategy to the person to whom we are speaking. The first day I had to stay with my little sister because my cousin got sick and my mom took him to the doctor. While the ability to correctly form words, sentences, paragraphs, and larger bodies of text is an important expectation by schools and educators, the area of communicative competence can sometimes be overlooked. 1 / 26. Robert N. Bostrom (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1984), 25. Human symbolic interaction. For example, if you are waiting in line to get your drivers license renewed and the agents in front of you are moving slower than youd like and the man in front of you doesnt have his materials organized and is asking unnecessary questions, you might start to exhibit nonverbal clusters that signal frustration. . Its not enough to know what good communication consists of; you must also have the motivation to reflect on and better your communication and the skills needed to do so. Definition. Given that deception is so widespread and common, it is estimated that we actually only detect about half the lies that we are told, meaning we all operate on false information without even being aware of it. Dress professionally to enhance confidence. Nervous communicators may have distracting mannerisms in the form of adaptors that you will likely need to tune out in order to focus more on other verbal and nonverbal cues. English learners process, interpret, and evaluate written words, symbols, and other visual cues used in texts to convey meaning. Public speaking anxiety is a form of CA that more specifically focuses on anxiety about giving a public presentation. What can you do to start improving your communication competence? For example, you might know strategies for being an effective speaker, but public speaking anxiety that kicks in when you get in front of the audience may prevent you from fully putting that knowledge into practice. Research has also found that students who are more nonverbally expressive are liked more by their teachers and are more likely to have their requests met by their teachers (Mottet et al., 2004). Take deep breaths. Want to create or adapt books like this? We are faced with new communication encounters regularly, and although we may be able to draw on the communication skills we have learned about and developed, it may take a few instances of conscious incompetence before you can advance to later stages. themes, concepts, genre, characters, and so on. Norton (1997) claims that, [t]he central questions teachers need to ask are not, What is the learners mother tongue? and Is the learner a native speaker of Punjabi? Rather the teacher should ask, What is the learners linguistic repertoire? The following is a brief introduction to TeamSTEPPS. Although close friends, family, and relational partners can sometimes be an exception, interrupting is generally considered rude and should be avoided. However, this is not the same thing as chronic suspicion, which would not indicate communication competence. Careful observation of and interaction with individual students aids educators in identifying each students level of language proficiency. A mindful communicator actively and fluidly processes information, is sensitive to communication contexts and multiple perspectives, and is able to adapt to novel communication situations (Burgoon, Berger, & Waldron, 2000). Given the wide variety of languages spoken by immigrant students in the United States today, teachers will not know all of the native languages of their students. Understanding Culture and Language in Education. TeamSTEPPS Overview Presentation, AHRQ also offers an on-line course in TeamSTEPPS for create change teams within a primary care practice. As students navigate through the process of becoming competent users of English, educators awareness of their location along the language learning continuum can help them better address the students needs and build on their strengths. Many names are available with audio files by native speakers. Since looking away also signals cognitive activity, they may be processing information, and you may need to pause and ask if they need a second to think or if they need you to repeat or explain anything more. Many students note that some of what we learn in communication classes is common sense. I agree with this observation in some cases but disagree with it in others. Pike (1982), notes that [l]anguage is not merely a set of unrelated sounds, clauses, rules, and meanings; it is a total coherent system of these integrating with each other, and with behavior, context, universe of discourse, and observer perspective (p. 44). Although pets and children are often granted more leeway to breach other peoples space, since they are still learning social norms and rules, as a pet owner, parent, or temporary caretaker, be aware of this possibility and try to prevent such breaches or correct them when they occur. Be aware that clenched hands may signal aggression or anger, nail biting or fidgeting may signal nervousness, and finger tapping may signal boredom. The following guideline may help you more effectively encode nonverbal signals related to time. 2023 Loyola University Chicago In such cases, we have to turn to our knowledge about specific types of nonverbal communication or draw from more general contextual knowledge. It is also called the mother tongue. Describe a situation in which you believe the primacy and/or . This information is pivotal when planning appropriate instruction for ELLs. Language Domains There are four language domains: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Figure 2.6 Strategies for using bilingual books in the classroom. It's also called communication competence, and it's the key to social acceptance. Source: PreK-12 English Language Proficiency Standards by TESOL. Try not to focus on something you find unpleasant or pleasant about someones voice; focus on the content rather than the vocal quality. Some nonverbal scholars and many nonverbal skill trainers have tried to catalog nonverbal communication like we do verbal communication to create dictionary-like guides that people can use to interpret nonverbal signals. Even though you may intend for your nonverbal messages to be congruent, they could still be decoded in a way that doesnt match up with your intent, especially since nonverbal expressions vary in terms of their degree of conscious encoding. Translanguaging and education. You likely havent heard professors or university administrators use the term communication competence, but as we learn more about it in this section, I am sure you will see how communication competence can benefit you in many aspects of your life. In terms of physiology, age, maturity, and ability to communicate affect competence. Our cognitive activity increases when we have to decide whether to engage in deception or not, which often involves some internal debate. True False b. Vertical integration is one of the key elements of corporate strategy. Whether or not we achieve our day-to-day communication goals depends on our communication competence. TESOLs five preK12 English language proficiency standards (see Figure 2.2) can guide teachers in helping ELs become proficient in English while, at the same time, achieving in the content areas. Situational interview questions focus on how you'll handle real-life scenarios you may encounter in the workplace and how you've handled similar situations in previous roles. Think, for example, about how people fall into formation when waiting in a line. B) facial expressions. Specific leaders are needed in specific situations b. Active listening, for example, combines . Cultures with a high-context orientation generally use less verbal communication and value silence as a form of communication, which requires listeners to pay close attention to nonverbal signals and consider contextual influences on a message. First, challenge yourself to see the value in the study of communication. Additionally, once the initial effort is put into improving your nonverbal encoding and decoding skills and those new skills are put into practice, people are encouraged by the positive reactions from others. Avoiding eye contact or shifting your eye contact from place to place can lead others to think you are being deceptive or inattentive. In response to both of these comments, I say, Just because I know the concepts and definitions doesnt mean I always put them to good use. may have difficulty understanding and using some idioms, figures of speech, and words with multiple meanings. Which of the following is NOT true of communication in the health care? Remember, you are not alone. So, to get started on your road to competence, I am proposing that you do two things. What can Rudi reasonably expect Faridah to understand and do in his ancient history class? Active listening, for example, combines good cognitive listening practices with outwardly visible cues that signal to others that we are listening. Although my dad and I didnt realize we were doing it, our subconscious mirroring was obviously noticeable to others. The first part of the definition we will unpack deals with knowledge. Since speakers become more nervous when they think that audience members are able to detect their nervousness based on outwardly visible, mostly nonverbal cues, it is logical that confidence in ones ability to control those outwardly visible cues would result in a lessening of that common fear. Is that all there is to learning a language? In this section we will discuss some strategies for effectively encoding and decoding nonverbal messages. Think of a time when you overspent this month and you are talking with your significant other about how we will pay bills this month.

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